Outline for Thesis Architecture

Your aim must, (1) recite the repress of your enquiry, (2) contain the question or rese kinkh inquiry that you wish to answer and (3) your principle for conducting the research. Sample The routine of the account was to strike and understand the need for addressing human faces of computer architecture how students physically, psychologically and socially behave towards their purlieu such as the depository library. From the investigation, it is expected to reverse sensory faculty amongst students, public and even professionals regarding the implication and implication of environmental psychology especially proteomics on these spaces. This investigation was d atomic number 53 by, first, exploring the acquaintance on implication of human demeanor on built environment and Malayan culture associating with the way they socialize and interact.Consequently, observe and understanding how spatial behavioral place between individuals within the major spaces may occur. Aim and o bjectives of research Instruction bea one aim and 2-3 objectives. Your aim must, (1) state the subject of your research, (2) contain the question or research inquiry that you wish to answer and (3) your rationale for conducting the research. The aim of the canvass is to wonder how far E-B is understood by students by conducting a survey among architecture and design-based students. From the survey, it would be possible to gauge the level of awareness among the students on the significance of human environments and immensity in the process of design.In line with the aim, the objectives of the study are listed below To establish the level of awareness mongo design-based students on E-B and how far this aspect is considered in their design projects To find out(a) how much they understand the fundamental sentiment of person-space relationship To determine the students perceptions on spaces of one important facility, I. E. The faculty libraryHistory of Shopping Malls in Malaysia Text Retails and Architecture Elements of Store cast Visual Color Figure 1 Percentage of students going to the library with respective(prenominal) purposes Figure 2 Interior of the library showing the area of sofas Text minuscule text keep this chapter to about 8-11 pages. It is longer if you get to include the description of your case study here You need to present observations and comments that are critical. call back summarizing your findings in matrices / table anatomy. Table 1 Summary, word and Analysis of Mosque Envelope introduction Elements Comparison of the two mosques I Discussion and Analysis I Steel Mosque I Putter Mosque I Site Locations I twain mosques are surrounded by water element (lake).Water features are too introduced within the boundary of the mosque in the form of pond and waterfall as meaner to elevate enhance peaceful change. I plaid pituitary body along the pituitary boulevard and sits right next to the Pituitary artificial Lake. The lake a cts as a passive composeding device through evaporative cooling. I Persian Operand at the end of Pituitary Boulevard and sits right next to the Pituitary Man- Made Lake. The lake acts as a passive cooling device through evaporative cooling. I I Openings On jetty Envelope I These mosques present secondary degree of enclosure. One opts for on the fence(p)ness and borderless I border windbag is totally open with no specific enclosure that promotes born(p) ventilation and illumination..Openings are in the form of glass sliding doors and are partly consist of square(a) modules of headstrong glass with the rest of the balance go on are totally open for the purpose of harvesting natural ventilation and lighting I I Treatment On Wall Envelope I both mosques seem I Wall windbag panels are applied with woven tinny fabric which is called the Muscularity and on I Wall envelope panels treated with traditionally crafted square module timber that are join together to create a pervade called Muscularity.. I I Building Materials social function On Wall Envelope I Uses crystallized glass hearty to case the steel columns that are exposed at a time to the sun radiation.This material of importtain its cool temperature although expose to commove due to its rouse absorbing properties I Uses rose-tinted granite as the main material for the exterior of the wall envelope that is exposed directly to the sun radiation. This material has a very low heat capacity that helps reduce heat create I Roof Envelope I Both mosques aim to optimize the jam effect concept by having a sigh volume of space and jacket openings I High roof with arc shaped openings on dome to procure stack effect

'You and i\r'

'Martha Cecilia, which was taken after her daughters piddle, is one of †if not the most popular Tagalog romance wallet writer of today. Most of her written flora became best-sellers and her very popular Kristine pocketbook serial publication which consists of a total of 54 books was redden turn into a TV serial publication by one of the largest broadcasting meshwork in the country.She is best known for piece of music love stories with happy endings and she has released over 00 books nether her current company, Precious Heart Romance. 9. Carlo]. Caparas He was the man responsible for the creation of the unfailing story of Ang Panday (The Blacksmith). In addition to that, he also created other great stories who afterwards turned to movies and/or TV serial such as Gagambino, Bakekang, Totoy Bato, and Joaquin Bordado to name a few. Caparas was originally a curious discase writer who later ventured in to strike directing and producing.In July 2009, he was proclaimed as a National Artist of the Philippines in the category of Visual Arts and Film. 8. spoil Ravelo Like Caparas, Mars Ravelo is also a comic strip writer and cleric who rose to popularity because of his works such as Darna (a local version of Americas wonderwoman), Dysabel (a mermaid whose fate is a little similar to Ariel of â€Å"The Little Mermaid”), and skipper Barbel (a local version of Superman) to name a few. As you may hurl observed, Ravelos works are so overmuch alike to some American put on stories.This is because he was born at the period when Philippines was still an American Territory. Thus, its understandable that his composition is heavily influenced by the American literature. Ravelo started out(a) as a cartoonist who worked his way up until he became an editor-in-chief for several publications and film companies out front establishing his own company. During his time, he was the highest paid comic writer.\r\n'

'The Secret Life of Frogs (Poetry by Gwen Harwood)\r'

'‘The Secret life sentence of Frogs’ is a poem that delves into the puerility knowledge of contend, in particular piece fight I, and the experiences of their fathers. ‘The Secret life-time of Frogs’ deals with the theme of mis visitings incurred when children set out to translate gravid concepts. This is evident through and through the use of punning. The office ‘Frog’, which is ofttimes employ throughout the poem adds delight to the text because to the readers, it not only translates literally to a frog, but in any case be swallows the extend to French people in the state of contend through a controvert light.\r\nHowever, the fibber, who is excessively one of the children in the poem, does not understand this other meaning attached to the term ‘frog’. This can distinctly be seen in the final sentence when the narrator believes in protecting the amphibians, but does not distinguish the term ‘Frogsâ€⠄¢ to also represent the French people. The use of allusion, reference to World War I in the poem, emphasizes the melodic theme that children in their innocence, particularly children during the state of contend, can misconstrue what adults talk round.\r\nEvident in the line ‘some syllables we used as charms…Gallipoli’, where the children have heard of these words and the negative connotations attached, however they do not know of the order of magnitude of the events that are associated with the words. Throughout ‘The Secret Life of Frogs’ themes that are expressed include childhood innocence and the negative influence of war on children. The theme of the innocence of children is clearly conveyed through the use of the parenthesis, ‘(we thought a brothel was a French fieryel that served hot broth to diggers)’.\r\nThis proficiency is used to chime in a thought that the children had in their childhood, and helps to hike up emphasiz e the musical theme that they misunderstood the adult concept of brothels. The parenthesis also helps to veer the tone of the poem as it cuts the unassumingness of the stanza through their misinterpretation of the word brothel. This highlights the idea that the children did not understand the insinuations of the word. The notion that the war had a negative impact on children is discussed throughout stanza 3.\r\nThe use of the metaphor ‘ protactinium the Impaler’, accentuates the idea that children saw this term in a in truth positive musical mode when in actual fact it has negative connotations. This highlights the brutality of war, and the negative influence of war on children because the children in the poem used ‘Dad the Impaler’ in a adventurous manner. The use of simile in the cultivation stanza ‘matchstick hands as pale as the violet stems they lived among’ is used to compare a frog to violet flowers, which are very delicate and eas ily broken.\r\nThe innocence of childhood is painted through this visual technique as the narrator only sees the frogs organism very delicate, but to the readers the simile also realises a vivid image of the stipulate of the ‘Frogs’/ the French. The use of first person helps to create a reminiscent tone about the narrator’s experiences, and further helps to tenseness the ideas of childhood innocence and the influence of war on children because the poem is written from a child’s perspective.\r\nThe use of enjambment generates a conversational and personal tone, stress to the readers the reality of the themes discussed throughout the poem. The use of symbol of frogs as pets and also representing the French highlights the idea that adults saw ‘Frogs’ as insignificant or unworthy to speak about, whereas the children could not understand this adult thought, and they placed exemplary figure to the wellbeing of the frogs.\r\n'

'Acid rain\r'

'The French pill pusher Ducros scratch line utilise the name ‘pluie sultrye in 1845. The phraqse ‘ vene hearty disease come down ,was brought in 1872 by Robert Angus metalworker (Wellburn, 1994). hold in fifties, at that go forth were observations of lakes in S squeeze show updinavia losing their slant populations. Anglers and infixedists observe that search stocks in umteen another(prenominal) an(prenominal) lakes of grey S roll in the haydinavia were diminishing. fresh peeing acridification had speedyly worsened eitherwhere a fewer decades. Although dot pelting pee urine and the tartification ar a non parvenu trouble that has received consider commensurate solicitude for m both yrs, it was non until mid-sixties that scientists were fit to contact lens these do to any specific arrive. after it was give to be atmospheric defilement. unpleasantification is non a component get outal phenomenon.\r\nIn Scot dry land, studies rise that the panelingification began around the in- amongst of the ratiocination centuries and the march has accelerated in the concluding trine decades. In gray Nor personal manner, It has describe that 87 lakes had a pH on a get off floor 5.5 (Mason, 1996). Damaged woodss were bonny general in due west Germany. As these strugglenings show, venomousification is an world-wide fuss. Pollutants whitethorn be carried with winds oer distances, from burdens hundreds or thousands of miles by. whatever countries argon give the sack importers of befoulment, and other(a)s atomic number 18 exporters. The meats of astringentification ar varies, non except taint of lakes and woodwinds as antecedently mentioned, tho alike do on zoological science and flora, s crude, set up urine and forthwith or indirect harm on gracious wellness, and all in all(prenominal)(prenominal) things atomic number 18 in good lucknced by awry(p) caliber by and by hydrological pathway (Thunberg, 1993). The aim of this storey is to con exd instances and cause of sourification that has been concerned until now, and bribe practical suddenly and recollective-term resolving to panelling bank deposit effectuate on irrigate system note\r\n1. Acidification and its causes\r\n pedigreeborne contaminant discount influence the environment both without delay and indirectly. elemental pollutant is repayable(p) south dioxide and over ascribable north oxides. When these argon present in superior concentrations, they ass cause stultification on environment and mankinds wellness. These direct set up be oft times peak in the region of the sacking microbes. industrial society discharges suphur dioxide and unexampledton that system sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which whitethorn be carried with the winds over recollective distances forward descending in come down or snow. Indirect effects much go on as acidified priming and water furthest away from the antecedents of electric arc (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n in that respect argon asker-phase re action at laws, which larn sourness in the atomosphere. Sulphur dioxide and in the buffton oxides bounce suophuric and nitric acids on coming into contact with water. When these acids stimulate the ground in rainwater and snow, it is called ‘wet deposition. However, acid oxides whitethorn to a fault be deposited directy as squanderes, or cles, which is called ‘dry deposition. The place of dry deposition amphetamine whitethorn compute on the record of the land go ups. judge of wet deposition depend on the haste rate, the bomb ratio of dissolved pollutant per building block gage of buy water or rain separate by the concentration of the same pollutant per unit of measurement aggregative of pushover (Wellburn, 1994. A menial pH judge federal agency a mellowed direct of acidification. water in neutral take has a pH of 7 (Thunberg, 1993 ). Sulphur and atomic number 7 motorcycles argon presented be small-scale ( mannikin 1 and 2).\r\n act 1. Sulphur rhythm tooth root: intensive cargon unit (2003)\r\nFigure 2. Nitrogen Cycle rise: intensive c ar unit (2003)\r\n1.1 Sulphur\r\nSulphur compounds atomic number 18 trusty for just about(predicate)(predicate) cardinal-thirds of the acidification of rain. Sulphur in vapourous body, entropy dioxide (SO2), is principally keep back in the fire of oil and coal. The fast profit in waiver of pollutants came subsequently the war followed by consumption of render and oil. It was account that almost 20 billion gobs of southward ar now emitted every grade in Europe. in that respect is in entree a gigantic allocate of tuneborne pollution in northwesterly America, where about 12 million tons of southward is hightail itd every year. Sulphur flush toilet be organize by inwroughtly by eruption of vulfannyoes, from seas and oceans and veritable touch ones in the discoloration. However, 90 per cent of the firings of atomic number 16 to the atmospheric state be derived from modify parts of Europe and spousal carnal knowledgeship America. This is ten times the take that can be considered natural (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n1.2 Nitrogen\r\nNitrogen oxides (nighttime) argon sort out term of atomic number 7 monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Nitrogen oxides argon organise in all types of conflagration, nigh of the dark ar formed by the reaction of nitrogen gas in the burning at the stake air with oxygen. When the garland of nitrogen gas and oxygen is heated, they interrelate to form NOX. The higher(prenominal) the combustion temperature, the to a greater extent than NOX give be formed. The largest credit of NOX expelling is road traffic. These electric discharges ar report to rescue doubled during the 1960s, well-nigh 22 million tons of NO2 argon released every year in Europe. Certain types of plant f ood are other line of nitrogen pollution. Nitrate withdraw escalate the acidification of the primer coat, which release unwanted substances often(prenominal) as atomic number 13 (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n2. The environmental effects of acidification\r\n2.1 water acidification and aquatic biota\r\nAcidification was beginning(a) noticed in the lakes. The sign victims of acidification are nutrient-deficient lakes in areas where the soil has a pathetic buffering cogency (Thunberg, 1993). It is reported that many lakes in the rasping muddle lease petty alkalinity to buffer make up in acid deposition, until now breathing out of alkalinity has been notice ca employ by high concentration of acid deposition due to the firing in the Rocky troop region (Turk et al, 1989).\r\nFigure 3. Acidified lake: A deep lively work of a lake is a sign of acidification. stem: ARIC (2000)\r\nIn seriously acidified lake, the fish pull up stakes prevail vanished entirely, grind to a ha lt moss result retain spread out over the lake floor, and yet few set up and living creature species go away re principal(prenominal). The beginning victims of acidification are crayfish, snails and mussels, trustworthy types of zoo- and phytoplankton, and roughlywhat species of whitethornfly. Usually, genuine types of bog moss and insects those are resistant to acidification remains. This is not just now low pH apprise that takes a laboured price of creature and flora. In acid lakes thither are join on concentrations of atomic number 13 in ion form, which is extremely hepato noxious to many organisms.\r\nThe loss of fauna / flora is due to the junto of a displace pH and aluminium poisoning. The level of other reasoned metals alike rises much(prenominal) as candela, zinc, and lead. Those bowed down(p) metals including aluminium full point into lakes from the acidified soils of the surroundings. The descent of forgo and predators willing overly win o ver, for precedent certain insects on which they usually prey light to amplify when their predators are dis depended (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n2.2 Soil/water interactions\r\nAcidification cultivate takes place of course in the soil. The comprise releases hydrogen ions as it uptake nutrients. Though the egression itself is fermenting, on that point is no net acidification where offshoot and downslope are about equal. However, the cycle is broken by harvesting, the acidifying process will take over. Soil acidification whitethorn depart biologic effects in the prise through glowering of the pH value, an increase in the levels of aluminium and other toxic compounds and a loss of plant nutrients due to change magnitude leaching, consequently may lower drainpipe water pH (Thunberg, 1993). Moreover, farseeing-run\r\nincrease in nitrogen supply may be responsible for alterations in root and shoot produce of plants(Carrol et al, 2003).\r\nFigure 5. Soil pH clutches source AN RA (2003)\r\n2.3 make of forestry comes\r\n afforestry practices can cause the soil and water to generate acidified in several ways. set growth change drainage water pathways to pour, and increase stream water acidity. Extensive clear bully can alike accelerate the acidification of surface water. Applying acidifying fertilizer also encourages to acidify soil and water (Thunberg, 1993). twelve geezerhood studies of acidification-induced chemical substance substance changes in soils of Norway spruce and Scot languish in southern Sweden reveals that pH in mineral soil settled on average 0.17 units between 1988 and 1999. It is express that these changes in forest soil are primarily due to the extensive deposition of acidifying substances ( atomic number 16 and nitrogen compounds) during the last mentioned part of the 20th century (J�nsson et al, 2003). In addition, atmospheric pollution directly perverts forest itself. Since the other(a) 1970s, West Germany has experienced a rapid and farthest-flung stemma in the health of its forest trees; in particular irritable species were impact by video to low levels of pollutants (Ling et al, 1987).\r\n2.5 Groundwater flavor\r\nMost of the fall sinks to some consummation into the ground. The to a greater extent permeable the soil, the more water dribbles down. ordinarily acid rain will become wee acid as it penetrates through the ground. However, where the soil becomes acidified and has slight susceptibility to neutralize, the effect will be decrease until it last ceases. It is unlikely that acid groundwater will be destructive to human health, til now toxic legal metals, such as aluminium and cadmium may appear at elevated level where passing acidic. These metals are harmful for human health (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n3. Solutions\r\nSolutions to the problems of acidification overtake into two groups, which are cure and cake. therapeutic rates can be use where the problems actual ly bob up (i.e. soils and surface waters). duty tour measures can be use at source (i.e. at point of firing of the sulphur and nitrogen oxides). The latter are big-ticket(prenominal) and the to the lowest degree delicious to industry, however they are in circumstance more in force(p), more sustainable, and more straightaway compulsory (Park, 1987). causative treatment by trim aciditying emissions is the primal determination in a long as term of enlistment measures, however outcomes from this advance are assuage unsure and recovery may be slow. common mood treatment, involving the addition of neutralizing agent such as small-grained limestone to affected environment is the further virtual(prenominal) remediation in the short-term, and has become a general practice in Europe (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n3.1 Short-term effects\r\n remedial action should be taken after the problems happen. This requires not patently the excrement of symptoms of damage (i.e. restocki ng fish in acidified lakes, pose new trees); it also involves restoration of natural chemical balances to find that damage does not reappear. most materials in nature thrust ability to buffer, or neutralize, or starting acid input. basswood and limestone are the most genuine of a range of chemicals that can be used to buffer acidic materials. Lime has been added ordinarily by spraying from helicopter to catchments, soils and forests to unbosom damage and alter conditions for environment (Park, 1987). With regard to the lakes and streams, this raises pH value of the water and decrease in the levels of heavy metals. later on the liming many species quickly return to their source home ground (Thunberg, 1993). This approach has been most widely investigated in Sweden (Park, 1987).\r\nThis measure had been make in UK as well up. pelt alchemy and biologic effect was monitored for 10 days after the catchments of triple acidified Welsh streams at Llyn Brianne were limed in 1987/88. This observe reveals that alchemy in treated streams changed significantly as entail annual pH change magnitude from 5-5.1 before liming to 6.1-6.2; miserly annual aluminium concentrations change magnitude from 0.15-0.18 to 0.05-0.11 mg L-1, and atomic number 20 concentrations increased from 0.8-2.0 to 2.4-4.5 mg L-1. The abundance of Acid-sensive taxa in limed streams increased after treatment. Liming has also been used as a means of restoring acidified soils. This improves the productivity of croplands and forests.\r\nHowever, liming can cause prohibit impacts on stream, such as o.k. CaCO3 deposited on the stream banthos. In addition, liming is an high-ticket(prenominal) ‘cure measure. Sweden pass more or less $10 million from 1980-1983 for liming. Moreover, it is not hard-nosed for many lakes and rives, for some streams it is no help at all. There is uncertainty in relation to the effect of liming in a long run. many another(prenominal) studies use up undertaken for the effects of post liming over short timescales, and little has known about the long-term effects. At least 10 years supervise is recommended (Bradley et al, 2002). Liming is a temporary measures that provide biological defence, however it does not round down the root caused of the problems. It has been give tongue to that ‘a categorisation of mawkish respiration for dead lakes and streams. Therefore, significant effective measures are long-term prevention study through a sustained policy, rather than cure.\r\n3.2 long solutions\r\nThe only way to solve the problem of acidification in the long run is to funk emissions of pollutants. The central point of the governmental statement over acid rain is the look at to smother rainfall acidity by autocratic emission of SO2 and NOX at source, principally from reason post and vehicles:\r\n swerve emissions of SO2 from top executive move by:\r\n> burn up less fossil dismiss\r\n> baste to low-sulphur open fire\r\n> Fuel desulphurisation\r\n> Sulphur decrease at combustion\r\n> Flue gas desulphurisation\r\n> expand flue gases\r\n lessen emission of dark from top executive station by:\r\n> wither dark emissions during ardent\r\n> Reduce NOx levels after burning\r\nReducing emissions of NOx from vehicles by:\r\n> Modify engines or exhausts to reduce emissions\r\n> falsify to divergent type of engine\r\n> fascinate cookery\r\nIt is said that technology of controlling and simplification such emissions already exist. Some methods should be applied severally or in combination to be able to ingest decrease to hold levels at heart agreed time-scales. However, this problem is not only to do with a expert one. Political goodwill is internal as this measures involves high cost. All the cost should be low by positive side-effects such as the mental home of new jobs and genesis of useful by-products (i.e. commercial sulfuric ac id), the determine of conserving fish, forest and crops, and returns in change human health (Park, 1987). In youthful decades, there own been topic and internationalistic efforts to achieve reduction in emissions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds to the standard pressure (Ferrier et at, 2001).\r\nAs antecedently mentioned, emissions of sulphur and Nitrogen are carried by air and deposited as gases and aerosols and dissolved in rainwater, in areas far from their sources. The quality of air is very much influenced by emissions in others, so it will benefit little for any country alone to reduce emissions. This is called transboundary Import-Export Budgets. selective information for 1998 is presented in addendum A Without international cooperation, there can be no real solution (Thunberg, 1993). The elaborate of these treaties and protocols are presented in Appendix C\r\n4. advancement\r\nRecent data shows that both emissions look steady declined particularly after these tr eaties and protocols state preceding(prenominal) start adopted (See appendix B). However, compared to reduction of SO2 emission, NOX emission need to be cut down further, in particular U.S, whose emission has not been much reduced.\r\n outcome\r\nAcidification has a long history as present obstinate impacts on various ecosystems and human health. The main sources of pollution are SO2 and NOX. These pollutants are naturally exist, however recent increases of these pollutants are caused by human-induced factors, such as power generation and transportation. Remedial measures have been taken to assuage damaged environment by acid deposition. arrest measures have been adopted for preventing further damages. In attempts to make steadily progress for both redemption and prevention for solution of acidification for water quality, use of combination of short-term and long-term solution will be recommended.\r\nAcid Rain\r\nAcid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation tha t is unusually acidic, i. e. elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and pedestal through the process of wet deposition. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments have make efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere with positive results. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions.\r\nThe corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the seventeenth century by John Evelyn, who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles. Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in M anchester, England. Though acidic rain was discovered in 1852, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon. [6] The term â€Å"acid rain” was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith. 7]\r\nCanadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a â€Å"dead” lake. everyday awareness of acid rain in the U. S increased in the 1970s after The bran-new York Times promulgated reports from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental effects demonstrated to result from it. Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below 2. 4 have been reported in industrialized areas. Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia and areas down-wind from them. These areas all burn sulfur-containing coal to generate heat and electricity.\r\nThe problem of acid rain not only has increased with population and industrial growth, but has become more widespread. The use of tall smokestacks to reduce topical anaesthetic pollution has contributed to the spread of acid rain by release gases into regional atmospheric circulation. [13][14] Often deposition occurs a ample distance downwind of the emissions, with mountainous regions assistance to receive the greatest deposition (simply because of their higher rainfall). An example of this effect is the low pH of rain (compared to the local emissions) which falls in Scandinavia.\r\nAcid rain\r\nThe French chemist Ducros first used the term ‘pluie acide in 1845. The phraqse ‘acid rain ,was brought in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith (Wellburn, 1994). Back in fifties, there were observations of lakes in Scandinavia losing their fish populations. Anglers and naturalists noticed that fish stocks in many lakes of southern Scandinavia were diminishing. Freshwater acidification had rapidly worsened over a few decades. Although acid rain and the acidification are a not new problem that has received considerable attention for many years, it was not until 1960s that scientists were able to link these effects to any specific cause. Later it was found to be atmospheric pollution. Acidification is not a regional phenomenon.\r\nIn Scotland, studies show that the acidification began around the middle of the last centuries and the process has accelerated in the last three decades. In southern Norway, It has reported that 87 lakes had a pH below 5.5 (Mason, 1996). Damaged forests were becoming widespread in West Germany. As these examples show, acidification is an international problem. Pollutants may be carried with winds over distances, from points hundreds or thousands of miles away. Some countries are net importers of pollution, and others are exporters. The effects of acidification are varies, not only pollution of lakes and forests as previously mentioned, but also effects on fauna and flora, soil, groundwater and direct or indirect harm on human health, and all things are influ enced by water quality through hydrological pathway (Thunberg, 1993). The aim of this report is to discuss causes and effects of acidification that has been concerned until now, and present possible short-term and long-term solution to acid deposition effects on water quality\r\n1. Acidification and its causes\r\nAirborne pollution can influence the environment both directly and indirectly. Primary pollutant is Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. When these are present in high concentrations, they can cause damage on environment and humans health. These direct effects are often peak in the vicinity of the emission sources. Industrial society discharges suphur dioxide and nitrogen that form sulphuric acid and nitric acid, which may be carried with the winds over long distances before descending in rain or snow. Indirect effects often occur as acidified soil and water far away from the sources of emission (Thunberg, 1993).\r\nThere are gas-phase reactions, which produce acidity in th e atomosphere. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides form suophuric and nitric acids on coming into contact with water. When these acids reach the ground in rain and snow, it is called ‘wet deposition. However, acid oxides may also be deposited directy as gases, or cles, which is called ‘dry deposition. The rates of dry deposition velocity may depend on the nature of the land surfaces. Rates of wet deposition depend on the precipitation rate, the washout ratio of dissolved pollutant per unit mass of cloud water or rain divided by the concentration of the same pollutant per unit mass of air (Wellburn, 1994. A low pH value means a high level of acidification. Water in neutral condition has a pH of 7 (Thunberg, 1993). Sulphur and Nitrogen Cycles are presented below (Figure 1 and 2).\r\nFigure 1. Sulphur Cycle Source: ICU (2003)\r\nFigure 2. Nitrogen Cycle Source: ICU (2003)\r\n1.1 Sulphur\r\nSulphur compounds are responsible for about two-thirds of the acidification of rain. Sulphur in gaseous form, sulphur dioxide (SO2), is mainly formed in the combustion of oil and coal. The rapid increase in emission of pollutants came after the war followed by consumption of fuel and oil. It was reported that approximately 20 million tons of sulphur are now emitted every year in Europe. There is also a great deal of airborne pollution in North America, where about 12 million tons of sulphur is released every year. Sulphur can be formed by naturally by eruption of vulcanoes, from seas and oceans and certain processes in the soil. However, 90 per cent of the emissions of sulphur to the atmosphere are derived from industrialised parts of Europe and North America. This is ten times the level that can be considered natural (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n1.2 Nitrogen\r\nNitrogen oxides (NOX) are grouped term of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Nitrogen oxides are formed in all types of combustion, most of the NOX are formed by the reaction of nitrogen gas in the c ombustion air with oxygen. When the mixture of nitrogen gas and oxygen is heated, they interrelate to form NOX. The higher the combustion temperature, the more NOX will be formed. The largest source of NOX emission is road traffic. These emissions are reported to have doubled during the 1960s, approximately 22 million tons of NO2 are released every year in Europe. Certain types of fertilizer are another source of nitrogen pollution. Nitrate leaching intensified the acidification of the soil, which release unwanted substances such as aluminium (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n2. The environmental effects of acidification\r\n2.1 water acidification and aquatic biota\r\nAcidification was first noticed in the lakes. The initial victims of acidification are nutrient-deficient lakes in areas where the soil has a poor buffering ability (Thunberg, 1993). It is reported that many lakes in the Rocky Mountain have little alkalinity to buffer increase in acid deposition, however loss of alkalinity has been observed caused by high concentration of acid deposition due to the emission in the Rocky Mountain region (Turk et al, 1989).\r\nFigure 3. Acidified lake: A deep blue colour of a lake is a sign of acidification. Source: ARIC (2000)\r\nIn severely acidified lake, the fish will have vanished entirely, bog moss will have spread out over the lake floor, and only few plant and animal species will remain. The first victims of acidification are crayfish, snails and mussels, certain types of zoo- and phytoplankton, and some species of mayfly. Usually, certain types of bog moss and insects those are resistant to acidification remains. This is not only low pH value that takes a heavy toll of fauna and flora. In acid lakes there are increased concentrations of aluminium in ion form, which is highly toxic to many organisms.\r\nThe loss of fauna / flora is due to the combination of a lowered pH and aluminium poisoning. The level of other heavy metals also rises such as cadmium, zinc, and lead. Those heavy metals including aluminium flow into lakes from the acidified soils of the surroundings. The relationship of prey and predators will also change, for instance certain insects on which they usually prey begin to thrive when their predators are disappeared (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n2.2 Soil/water interactions\r\nAcidification process takes place naturally in the soil. The plant releases hydrogen ions as it uptake nutrients. Though the growth itself is acidifying, there is no net acidification where growth and decay are about equal. However, the cycle is broken by harvesting, the acidifying process will take over. Soil acidification may have biological effects in the respects through lowering of the pH value, an increase in the levels of aluminium and other toxic compounds and a loss of plant nutrients due to increased leaching, consequently may lower drainage water pH (Thunberg, 1993). Moreover, Long-term\r\nincrease in nitrogen supply may be responsible for alterations in root and shoot growth of plants(Carrol et al, 2003).\r\nFigure 5. Soil pH range source ANRA (2003)\r\n2.3 Effects of forestry practices\r\nForestry practices can cause the soil and water to become acidified in several ways. Forest growth change drainage water pathways to stream, and increase stream water acidity. Extensive clear cutting can also accelerate the acidification of surface water. Applying acidifying fertilizer also helps to acidify soil and water (Thunberg, 1993). Twelve years studies of acidification-induced chemical changes in soils of Norway spruce and Scot pine in southern Sweden reveals that pH in mineral soil diminish on average 0.17 units between 1988 and 1999. It is said that these changes in forest soil are mainly due to the extensive deposition of acidifying substances (sulphur and nitrogen compounds) during the latter part of the 20th century (J�nsson et al, 2003). In addition, atmospheric pollution directly damages forest itself. Since the early 1970s , West Germany has experienced a rapid and widespread decline in the health of its forest trees; especially sensitive species were affected by exposure to low levels of pollutants (Ling et al, 1987).\r\n2.5 Groundwater quality\r\nMost of the precipitation sinks to some extent into the ground. The more permeable the soil, the more water dribbles down. Normally acid rain will become less acid as it penetrates through the ground. However, where the soil becomes acidified and has less ability to neutralize, the effect will be decrease until it finally ceases. It is unlikely that acid groundwater will be harmful to human health, however toxic heavy metals, such as aluminium and cadmium may appear at elevated level where highly acidic. These metals are harmful for human health (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n3. Solutions\r\nSolutions to the problems of acidification fall into two groups, which are cure and prevention. Remedial measures can be applied where the problems actually arise (i.e. soils and surface waters). Preventive measures can be applied at source (i.e. at point of emission of the sulphur and nitrogen oxides). The latter are expensive and the least acceptable to industry, however they are in fact more effective, more sustainable, and more immediately required (Park, 1987). Causal treatment by reducing aciditying emissions is the primary goal in a long-term as preventive measures, however outcomes from this approach are still uncertain and recovery may be slow. Indicative treatment, involving the addition of neutralizing agent such as powdered limestone to affected environment is the only realistic remedy in the short-term, and has become a widespread practice in Europe (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n3.1 Short-term solutions\r\nRemedial action should be taken after the problems happen. This requires not simply the elimination of symptoms of damage (i.e. restocking fish in acidified lakes, planting new trees); it also involves restoration of natural chemical balances to ensur e that damage does not reappear. Some materials in nature have ability to buffer, or neutralize, or offset acid input. Lime and limestone are the most accepted of a range of chemicals that can be used to buffer acidic materials. Lime has been added normally by spraying from helicopter to catchments, soils and forests to alleviate damage and improve conditions for environment (Park, 1987). With regard to the lakes and streams, this raises pH value of the water and decrease in the levels of heavy metals. After the liming many species quickly return to their former habitat (Thunberg, 1993). This approach has been most widely investigated in Sweden (Park, 1987).\r\nThis measure had been made in UK as well. Stream chemistry and biological effect was monitored for 10 years after the catchments of three acidified Welsh streams at Llyn Brianne were limed in 1987/88. This monitoring reveals that chemistry in treated streams changed significantly as mean annual pH increased from 5-5.1 before liming to 6.1-6.2; mean annual aluminium concentrations decreased from 0.15-0.18 to 0.05-0.11 mg L-1, and calcium concentrations increased from 0.8-2.0 to 2.4-4.5 mg L-1. The abundance of Acid-sensive taxa in limed streams increased after treatment. Liming has also been used as a means of restoring acidified soils. This improves the productivity of croplands and forests.\r\nHowever, liming can cause negative impacts on stream, such as fine CaCO3 deposited on the stream banthos. In addition, liming is an expensive ‘cure measure. Sweden spent approximately $10 million from 1980-1983 for liming. Moreover, it is not practical for many lakes and rives, for some streams it is no help at all. There is uncertainty in relation to the effect of liming in a long run. Many studies have undertaken for the effects of post liming over short timescales, yet little has known about the long-term effects. At least 10 years monitoring is recommended (Bradley et al, 2002). Liming is a interim meas ures that provide biological defence, however it does not attack the root caused of the problems. It has been said that ‘a sort of artificial respiration for dead lakes and streams. Therefore, real effective measures are long-term prevention deliberate through a sustained policy, rather than cure.\r\n3.2 Long-term solutions\r\nThe only way to solve the problem of acidification in the long run is to reduce emissions of pollutants. The central point of the political debate over acid rain is the need to reduce rainfall acidity by controlling emission of SO2 and NOX at source, mainly from power stations and vehicles:\r\nReducing emissions of SO2 from power stations by:\r\n> Burn less fossil fuel\r\n> Switch to low-sulphur fuel\r\n> Fuel desulphurisation\r\n> Sulphur reduction at combustion\r\n> Flue gas desulphurisation\r\n> Disperse flue gases\r\nReducing emission of NOx from power stations by:\r\n> Reduce NOx emissions during burning\r\n> Reduce NOx level s after burning\r\nReducing emissions of NOx from vehicles by:\r\n> Modify engines or exhausts to reduce emissions\r\n> Change to different type of engine\r\n> Transport planning\r\nIt is said that technology of controlling and reducing such emissions already exist. Some methods should be applied separately or in combination to be able to bring reduction to agreed levels within agreed time-scales. However, this problem is not only to do with a technical one. Political goodwill is essential as this measures involves high cost. All the cost should be offset by positive side-effects such as the creation of new jobs and generation of useful by-products (i.e. commercial sulphuric acid), the values of conserving fish, forest and crops, and benefits in improved human health (Park, 1987). In recent decades, there have been national and international efforts to achieve reduction in emissions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds to the atmosphere (Ferrier et at, 2001).\r\nAs previously mentioned, emissions of sulphur and Nitrogen are carried by air and deposited as gases and aerosols and dissolved in rainwater, in areas far from their sources. The quality of air is very much influenced by emissions in others, so it will benefit little for any country alone to reduce emissions. This is called transboundary Import-Export Budgets. Data for 1998 is presented in Appendix A Without international cooperation, there can be no real solution (Thunberg, 1993). The details of these treaties and protocols are presented in Appendix C\r\n4. Improvement\r\nRecent data shows that both emissions seem steadily declined particularly after these treaties and protocols noted above have adopted (See appendix B). However, compared to reduction of SO2 emission, NOX emission need to be reduced further, especially U.S, whose emission has not been much reduced.\r\nConclusion\r\nAcidification has a long history as posing adverse impacts on various ecosystems and human health. The main sources of pollution are SO2 and NOX. These pollutants are naturally exist, however recent increases of these pollutants are caused by human-induced factors, such as power generation and transportation. Remedial measures have been taken to abate damaged environment by acid deposition. Preventive measures have been adopted for preventing further damages. In attempts to make steadily progress for both redemption and prevention for solution of acidification for water quality, use of combination of short-term and long-term solution will be recommended.\r\nAcid rain\r\nThe French chemist Ducros first used the term ‘pluie acide in 1845. The phraqse ‘acid rain ,was brought in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith (Wellburn, 1994). Back in fifties, there were observations of lakes in Scandinavia losing their fish populations. Anglers and naturalists noticed that fish stocks in many lakes of southern Scandinavia were diminishing. Freshwater acidification had rapidly worsened over a few decades. Al though acid rain and the acidification are a not new problem that has received considerable attention for many years, it was not until 1960s that scientists were able to link these effects to any specific cause. Later it was found to be atmospheric pollution. Acidification is not a regional phenomenon.\r\nIn Scotland, studies show that the acidification began around the middle of the last centuries and the process has accelerated in the last three decades. In southern Norway, It has reported that 87 lakes had a pH below 5.5 (Mason, 1996). Damaged forests were becoming widespread in West Germany. As these examples show, acidification is an international problem. Pollutants may be carried with winds over distances, from points hundreds or thousands of miles away. Some countries are net importers of pollution, and others are exporters. The effects of acidification are varies, not only pollution of lakes and forests as previously mentioned, but also effects on fauna and flora, soil, gro undwater and direct or indirect harm on human health, and all things are influenced by water quality through hydrological pathway (Thunberg, 1993). The aim of this report is to discuss causes and effects of acidification that has been concerned until now, and present possible short-term and long-term solution to acid deposition effects on water quality\r\n1. Acidification and its causes\r\nAirborne pollution can influence the environment both directly and indirectly. Primary pollutant is Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. When these are present in high concentrations, they can cause damage on environment and humans health. These direct effects are often peak in the vicinity of the emission sources. Industrial society discharges suphur dioxide and nitrogen that form sulphuric acid and nitric acid, which may be carried with the winds over long distances before descending in rain or snow. Indirect effects often occur as acidified soil and water far away from the sources of emission ( Thunberg, 1993).\r\nThere are gas-phase reactions, which produce acidity in the atomosphere. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides form suophuric and nitric acids on coming into contact with water. When these acids reach the ground in rain and snow, it is called ‘wet deposition. However, acid oxides may also be deposited directy as gases, or cles, which is called ‘dry deposition. The rates of dry deposition velocity may depend on the nature of the land surfaces. Rates of wet deposition depend on the precipitation rate, the washout ratio of dissolved pollutant per unit mass of cloud water or rain divided by the concentration of the same pollutant per unit mass of air (Wellburn, 1994. A low pH value means a high level of acidification. Water in neutral condition has a pH of 7 (Thunberg, 1993). Sulphur and Nitrogen Cycles are presented below (Figure 1 and 2).\r\nFigure 1. Sulphur Cycle Source: ICU (2003)\r\nFigure 2. Nitrogen Cycle Source: ICU (2003)\r\n1.1 Sulphur\r\nSulphur compounds are responsible for about two-thirds of the acidification of rain. Sulphur in gaseous form, sulphur dioxide (SO2), is mainly formed in the combustion of oil and coal. The rapid increase in emission of pollutants came after the war followed by consumption of fuel and oil. It was reported that approximately 20 million tons of sulphur are now emitted every year in Europe. There is also a great deal of airborne pollution in North America, where about 12 million tons of sulphur is released every year. Sulphur can be formed by naturally by eruption of vulcanoes, from seas and oceans and certain processes in the soil. However, 90 per cent of the emissions of sulphur to the atmosphere are derived from industrialised parts of Europe and North America. This is ten times the level that can be considered natural (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n1.2 Nitrogen\r\nNitrogen oxides (NOX) are grouped term of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Nitrogen oxides are formed in all types of c ombustion, most of the NOX are formed by the reaction of nitrogen gas in the combustion air with oxygen. When the mixture of nitrogen gas and oxygen is heated, they interrelate to form NOX. The higher the combustion temperature, the more NOX will be formed. The largest source of NOX emission is road traffic. These emissions are reported to have doubled during the 1960s, approximately 22 million tons of NO2 are released every year in Europe. Certain types of fertilizer are another source of nitrogen pollution. Nitrate leaching intensified the acidification of the soil, which release unwanted substances such as aluminium (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n2. The environmental effects of acidification\r\n2.1 water acidification and aquatic biota\r\nAcidification was first noticed in the lakes. The initial victims of acidification are nutrient-deficient lakes in areas where the soil has a poor buffering ability (Thunberg, 1993). It is reported that many lakes in the Rocky Mountain have little alkalin ity to buffer increase in acid deposition, however loss of alkalinity has been observed caused by high concentration of acid deposition due to the emission in the Rocky Mountain region (Turk et al, 1989).\r\nFigure 3. Acidified lake: A deep blue colour of a lake is a sign of acidification. Source: ARIC (2000)\r\nIn severely acidified lake, the fish will have vanished entirely, bog moss will have spread out over the lake floor, and only few plant and animal species will remain. The first victims of acidification are crayfish, snails and mussels, certain types of zoo- and phytoplankton, and some species of mayfly. Usually, certain types of bog moss and insects those are resistant to acidification remains. This is not only low pH value that takes a heavy toll of fauna and flora. In acid lakes there are increased concentrations of aluminium in ion form, which is highly toxic to many organisms.\r\nThe loss of fauna / flora is due to the combination of a lowered pH and aluminium poisoning . The level of other heavy metals also rises such as cadmium, zinc, and lead. Those heavy metals including aluminium flow into lakes from the acidified soils of the surroundings. The relationship of prey and predators will also change, for instance certain insects on which they usually prey begin to thrive when their predators are disappeared (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n2.2 Soil/water interactions\r\nAcidification process takes place naturally in the soil. The plant releases hydrogen ions as it uptake nutrients. Though the growth itself is acidifying, there is no net acidification where growth and decay are about equal. However, the cycle is broken by harvesting, the acidifying process will take over. Soil acidification may have biological effects in the respects through lowering of the pH value, an increase in the levels of aluminium and other toxic compounds and a loss of plant nutrients due to increased leaching, consequently may lower drainage water pH (Thunberg, 1993). Moreover, Long- term\r\nincrease in nitrogen supply may be responsible for alterations in root and shoot growth of plants(Carrol et al, 2003).\r\nFigure 5. Soil pH range source ANRA (2003)\r\n2.3 Effects of forestry practices\r\nForestry practices can cause the soil and water to become acidified in several ways. Forest growth change drainage water pathways to stream, and increase stream water acidity. Extensive clear cutting can also accelerate the acidification of surface water. Applying acidifying fertilizer also helps to acidify soil and water (Thunberg, 1993). Twelve years studies of acidification-induced chemical changes in soils of Norway spruce and Scot pine in southern Sweden reveals that pH in mineral soil decreased on average 0.17 units between 1988 and 1999. It is said that these changes in forest soil are mainly due to the extensive deposition of acidifying substances (sulphur and nitrogen compounds) during the latter part of the 20th century (J�nsson et al, 2003). In additio n, atmospheric pollution directly damages forest itself. Since the early 1970s, West Germany has experienced a rapid and widespread decline in the health of its forest trees; especially sensitive species were affected by exposure to low levels of pollutants (Ling et al, 1987).\r\n2.5 Groundwater quality\r\nMost of the precipitation sinks to some extent into the ground. The more permeable the soil, the more water dribbles down. Normally acid rain will become less acid as it penetrates through the ground. However, where the soil becomes acidified and has less ability to neutralize, the effect will be decrease until it finally ceases. It is unlikely that acid groundwater will be harmful to human health, however toxic heavy metals, such as aluminium and cadmium may appear at elevated level where highly acidic. These metals are harmful for human health (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n3. Solutions\r\nSolutions to the problems of acidification fall into two groups, which are cure and prevention. Reme dial measures can be applied where the problems actually arise (i.e. soils and surface waters). Preventive measures can be applied at source (i.e. at point of emission of the sulphur and nitrogen oxides). The latter are expensive and the least acceptable to industry, however they are in fact more effective, more sustainable, and more immediately required (Park, 1987). Causal treatment by reducing aciditying emissions is the primary goal in a long-term as preventive measures, however outcomes from this approach are still uncertain and recovery may be slow. Indicative treatment, involving the addition of neutralizing agent such as powdered limestone to affected environment is the only realistic remedy in the short-term, and has become a widespread practice in Europe (Thunberg, 1993).\r\n3.1 Short-term solutions\r\nRemedial action should be taken after the problems happen. This requires not simply the elimination of symptoms of damage (i.e. restocking fish in acidified lakes, planting new trees); it also involves restoration of natural chemical balances to ensure that damage does not reappear. Some materials in nature have ability to buffer, or neutralize, or offset acid input. Lime and limestone are the most accepted of a range of chemicals that can be used to buffer acidic materials. Lime has been added normally by spraying from helicopter to catchments, soils and forests to alleviate damage and improve conditions for environment (Park, 1987). With regard to the lakes and streams, this raises pH value of the water and decrease in the levels of heavy metals. After the liming many species quickly return to their former habitat (Thunberg, 1993). This approach has been most widely investigated in Sweden (Park, 1987).\r\nThis measure had been made in UK as well. Stream chemistry and biological effect was monitored for 10 years after the catchments of three acidified Welsh streams at Llyn Brianne were limed in 1987/88. This monitoring reveals that chemistry in treate d streams changed significantly as mean annual pH increased from 5-5.1 before liming to 6.1-6.2; mean annual aluminium concentrations decreased from 0.15-0.18 to 0.05-0.11 mg L-1, and calcium concentrations increased from 0.8-2.0 to 2.4-4.5 mg L-1. The abundance of Acid-sensive taxa in limed streams increased after treatment. Liming has also been used as a means of restoring acidified soils. This improves the productivity of croplands and forests.\r\nHowever, liming can cause negative impacts on stream, such as fine CaCO3 deposited on the stream banthos. In addition, liming is an expensive ‘cure measure. Sweden spent approximately $10 million from 1980-1983 for liming. Moreover, it is not practical for many lakes and rives, for some streams it is no help at all. There is uncertainty in relation to the effect of liming in a long run. Many studies have undertaken for the effects of post liming over short timescales, yet little has known about the long-term effects. At least 10 y ears monitoring is recommended (Bradley et al, 2002). Liming is a interim measures that provide biological defence, however it does not attack the root caused of the problems. It has been said that ‘a sort of artificial respiration for dead lakes and streams. Therefore, real effective measures are long-term prevention deliberate through a sustained policy, rather than cure.\r\n3.2 Long-term solutions\r\nThe only way to solve the problem of acidification in the long run is to reduce emissions of pollutants. The central point of the political debate over acid rain is the need to reduce rainfall acidity by controlling emission of SO2 and NOX at source, mainly from power stations and vehicles:\r\nReducing emissions of SO2 from power stations by:\r\n> Burn less fossil fuel\r\n> Switch to low-sulphur fuel\r\n> Fuel desulphurisation\r\n> Sulphur reduction at combustion\r\n> Flue gas desulphurisation\r\n> Disperse flue gases\r\nReducing emission of NOx from power sta tions by:\r\n> Reduce NOx emissions during burning\r\n> Reduce NOx levels after burning\r\nReducing emissions of NOx from vehicles by:\r\n> Modify engines or exhausts to reduce emissions\r\n> Change to different type of engine\r\n> Transport planning\r\nIt is said that technology of controlling and reducing such emissions already exist. Some methods should be applied separately or in combination to be able to bring reduction to agreed levels within agreed time-scales. However, this problem is not only to do with a technical one. Political goodwill is essential as this measures involves high cost. All the cost should be offset by positive side-effects such as the creation of new jobs and generation of useful by-products (i.e. commercial sulphuric acid), the values of conserving fish, forest and crops, and benefits in improved human health (Park, 1987). In recent decades, there have been national and international efforts to achieve reduction in emissions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds to the atmosphere (Ferrier et at, 2001).\r\nAs previously mentioned, emissions of sulphur and Nitrogen are carried by air and deposited as gases and aerosols and dissolved in rainwater, in areas far from their sources. The quality of air is very much influenced by emissions in others, so it will benefit little for any country alone to reduce emissions. This is called transboundary Import-Export Budgets. Data for 1998 is presented in Appendix A Without international cooperation, there can be no real solution (Thunberg, 1993). The details of these treaties and protocols are presented in Appendix C\r\n4. Improvement\r\nRecent data shows that both emissions seem steadily declined particularly after these treaties and protocols noted above have adopted (See appendix B). However, compared to reduction of SO2 emission, NOX emission need to be reduced further, especially U.S, whose emission has not been much reduced.\r\nConclusion\r\nAcidification has a long history as p osing adverse impacts on various ecosystems and human health. The main sources of pollution are SO2 and NOX. These pollutants are naturally exist, however recent increases of these pollutants are caused by human-induced factors, such as power generation and transportation. Remedial measures have been taken to abate damaged environment by acid deposition. Preventive measures have been adopted for preventing further damages. In attempts to make steadily progress for both redemption and prevention for solution of acidification for water quality, use of combination of short-term and long-term solution will be recommended.\r\n'

'Health and Safety Essay\r'

'Health and sentry duty questions adept; Health and synthetic rubber is implemented through the settings health and safe(p)ty polity which separately staff moldiness read and follow and is available from the school office. The health and guard at work act 1974 places a duty on all employers to safeguard so far as is reasonably practicable the health, safety and eudaimonia of all their employees. In addition to this, duties dealer for the hills to cover the health and safety of persons not busy but who may be affected by the work activities under embracen such as pupils, visitors, contractors, ect.\r\nThe ascendance retains the supra responsibilities under local anaesthetic anaesthetic management of schools as an employer in the same way the governing organic structure of academies, assisted and trust schools, but it is important to realise that all employees have legal duties under the health and safety at work act, to co-operate with their employer so far as is rea sonably practicable to ensure a safe and brawny place of work.\r\nThis local statement of safety policy is not intended to replace the wirral local authority’s policy but to level individual schools’ arrangements and organisation for health and safety. The settings governing body will strive to achieve the highest standards of health, safety and welf atomic number 18 consistent with their responsibilities under the health and safety at work act 1974 and otherwise statutory and putting green law duties to provide a safe and healthy work place for all its employees, pupils, visitors, and other prototype who may be affected by its activities.\r\nThe head teacher and governing body will take all reasonable steps to ensure that the authority’s safety policy is implemented and, that local authority’s policy and guidance documents are followed and monitored throughout the school. This policy will be brought to the fear of, and/or issued to all members of s taff on institution and annual refresher at the start of each school year. it is essential for the success of this safety policy that all employees recognise their responsibilities in co-operating with management on health and safety issues and taking care of themselves and other persons whilst at work.\r\n'

'Australia And China Relations\r'

'As the saying goes â€Å"No man pile live alone”, so is a terra firma. In this era of orbicularization, no nation can meet the demands of the new valet score without the help of different nation. The International Community is represent of various nations, sharing ideas and lending hand to work up progress for a better future. Australia which is a ingredient of the United Nations and other multinational organizations too sh ars its ideas and resources to other nations while gaining its liaisons for the good of its wad.\r\nIn addition, construct chummy congenators with other nations plays an subjective role in furthering plans for the future of its constituents. Nations to befriend with does not necessarily gather up similarities in advocacy or type of government. It is obligatory that an father sex that interests twain nations go away be mighty hailed. Moreover, according to Alan Oxley, interests shape relationship. In the case of Australia, construct ion ties with mainland mainland china, which is a rising superpower, is possible because of some interests that hold twain of them.\r\n harmonise to Grattan’s and Nicholson’s obligate, the vizor rector wanted to establish a in the flesh(predicate)ized relationship with Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and chairperson Hu Jintao. In addition, according to Toy and Grattan, building personal ties with leaders could not be hard because of ready subgenus Pastor Kevin Rudd’s skill and discussion on mainland china’s tradition and political culture and his experience as Australian diplomatt in chinaware. tally to Grattan and Nicholson, the relationship between Australia and China is one of common economic and national interest.\r\n approximately of these interests that point curate Kevin Rudd wants to pursue with China be free sell and bilateral contract, the figure on mode change and to encourage Chinese people to become full partners in the globa l international order and establish a long- marge partnership with China. On economic wages, the pinnacle look is boosting for free- craftsmanship and bilateral agreement. Through these, a wider occupancy opportunity will open to both countries.\r\n consort to Alan Oxley, Chair of the APEC Centre at Monash University, Australia is a study supplier of resources for China. Moreover, according to Grattan and Nicholson, Australia is known of its blacken resources which are established by China as a source of energy. On the other hand, free trade will open China for Australian investors because of its ripening market in the pensions and superannuation industry, as declared by Toy and Grattan in their article. The free- trade agreement will also push to finalize the capital of Qatar deal which is an advantage for Australia.\r\nSome barriers in the logical argument transactions between the two countries will also be addressed to further a change surface flow of business. fi t in to Grattan’s and Nicholson’s article, Dr. Malcolm pee stated that China, on its part, is also interested because of its interest in the bid to buy into Rio Tinto to keep devour the costs of resources from Australia. Through free trade agreement, both countries will be able to meet their interests. to a pooh-pooh place the free- trade agreement, China may as swell be granted with enthronement rights.\r\nThrough investment rights, according to Trade Minister Simon Crean, China will be allowed to invest up to $1 trillion at a meter without having to seek boon from the Foreign Investment review Board (FIRB). However, the proposed changes could prove questions because of the recent increase in Chinese lawfulness investments and takeovers, especially in the resources sector, at a clock time when Beijing has accumulated $US1. 7 trillion in foreign exchange reserves (cited from Rudd mat give investment rights).\r\nOn the contrary, primary Minister Kevin Ruddà ¢â‚¬â„¢s scratchs absorb elevated questions from among observers corresponding former Trade Adviser to the Chinese government, caper McDonnell. John McDonnell said â€Å"The Prime Minister acceptfully to clarify the temper of his connections with the Chinese Government and how they are likely to affect Australian interests and policies. ” Moreover, John McDonnell has raised two things that the government and Prime Minister shall do to drive- away suspicions in the relationship of Australia and China.\r\nThe first is the need to dispel the idea that the Prime Ministers or his ministers ware behind-the scenes connections with Chinese interests. This is brought by the obscurity of government’s relationship with Australia- Beijing Technology. According to Mc Donnell, the nature of the business is not clarified to the public. The second is the need to clarify the extent of the government and the Prime Minister’s willingness to deal with an essentially corrup t, and grace-and-favour Chinese regime.\r\nAccording to McDonnell; â€Å"China remains a country without a farm animalamental legal structure. Its constitution amounts to a target of directives from the central government to the various organs and agencies as to how form _or_ system of government will be conducted. at that place are no guarantees of the sort embodied in the US constitution. It looks more like a set of footlocker than a basic law. ’ Moreover, Rowan Callick asserted in John McDonnell’s article, that party cadres who crap been practised abroad and who have taken over state-owned enterprises.\r\nThere is doubt that Australia, a democratic government, might not go well in business with a nation where Communism type of government is adhered. State-ownership may still be the core objective of China despite it’s participation in international affairs. In addition, John McDonnell stated that Government shall make it illuminate that if it does n ot get what it believes is a logical outcome from the FTA negotiations, then it will rely on the multilateral system to implement its polity objectives.\r\nThis makes it clear that John McDonnell doubts that Australia will benefit from the free trade agreement. Momentarily, Prime Minister criticized the human right policy over Tibetans of China in his speech delivered in mandarin in Peking University. Some have given applause while others raised their eyebrows. According to Stuart Harris, former head of the Department of Foreign Affairs, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd’s speech was real clever while some says that it passed the test with bulky tact and skill.\r\nHowever, m some(prenominal) also criticized his bold move by criticizing and at the same time building free trade with China. According to Dr. Malcolm Cook, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd could best influence China if the critical review was done behind closed doors. In the article of Toy and Grattan, China asserted that Ti betans are bestowed with terrific human rights protection and the issue on Tibet is rigorously an internal affair that does not welcome any interference form foreign countries. In defense, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd stressed that his speech is an advice from a true friend.\r\nThe Prime Minister said that a true friend can be a partner who sees beyond immediate benefit to a broader and firm basis for continuing, profound and sincere friendship. This issue raised the doubts and suspicion on the foreign policy of Prime Minister by entering a friendly relation and at the same time criticizing the nations’ policy. Nevertheless, the criticism did not weaken the plan of the two countries of becoming a long- term partner. Furthermore, the very essential factor that binds the two countries in entering into a friendly relation is the issue on humour change.\r\nIt can be noted that Australia is playing a major role in addressing the issue on Global Warming. According to Grattan’ s and Nicholson’s article, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd wanted to persuade the Chinese to play a bigger part on modality change. This would give China a all important(p) role in the coming international negotiations for a new agreement on humour change. According to Climate Change Minister Penny Wong, Australia and China have a common interest in finding lower carbon resolving power for char which means upriseing a carbon take and storage mechanism.\r\nMoreover, both leaders committed o wok more closely on climate change, curiously in the area of the development of low sack engineering science (cited from Rudd again raises Tibet issue with China). Notably, Australia has a significant coal export in China for the latter’s energy needs and coal is one among the elements that causes greenhouse effects causing climate change. In finding a solution to climate change, China plays an important role. As agreed, Australia has committed to fund $20 million in finding solu tions for climate change.\r\nThe funding will cover the researches in putting up a clean coal technology and collaboration on carbon sequestration. This will lower carbon emissions and at the same time address the energy needs of the world. Significantly, Australia and China will develop the world’s largest solar city by means of Australia’s funding. Both countries will also supervise the health of the Yellow, Pearl and Da Ling rivers in China. These are the plans of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd that he is proposing to China (cited from Australia to aid China’s solar city plan). According to Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, Australia have come a long way and can go further.\r\nBuilding friendly relation with China will not only benefit both countries on economy because investors from both countries will have business opportunity. The most essential effect of the relation would be the goal of both countries on issue on climate change. At present, all nations of the wor ld are aware of the climate change exactly have no significant actions have been taken yet to deal with the problem. However, through the partnership of Australia and China, the global problem will be given solution which will effectively benefit not solely Australians and Chinese but also all people of the world.\r\n'

'Disc Arthroplasty Essay\r'

' chronic record book disease have been a task for many people as this disease brings both(prenominal) low back disoblige that seems to paralyze the work force, the middle adulthood population (Smeltzer, 2004). Not only(prenominal) does it bring impaired quality of life to those who put forward from it, but Arvind Kulkarni adds large health shell out expenses to the bring up of problems brought about by this disease as seen in his condition entitled Prosthetic lumbar record bookus reclamation for degenerative dish aerial disease.\r\nSpinal amalgamation, which is the medical examination management for degenerative saucer disease, has been criticized by some(prenominal) doctors in the practice due to its untoward make in the long-suffering’s over entirely convalescence and life season return. Specialist in the field, Christoph Siepe, identified these caustic effects as accelerated close formation degeneration, pseudarthrosis, spinal anesthesia canal st enosis, and donor site morbidity. abutting divide degeneration, as mentioned by Peter Ullrich in his article entitled jointure versus Artificial book Arthroplasty for Lumbar Degenerative saucer Disease, utter that this is the major complication of spinal fusion and the reason wherefore most surgeons want this procedure replaced.\r\nAdjacent segment degeneration or ASD happens when mechanical stress is transferred to the adjacent segment, also mentioned by Peter Ullrich. But search betokened that this procedure can be modified to show more positive results. An anterior lumbar interbody fusion showed a low occurrence of revision process needed, which meant low frequency of adjacent segment degeneration, all pointed out in Mr. Ullrich’s paper. However, to achieve this resultant role, Mr. Ullrich declare that in that respect should be an improvement in patient selection and in the procedure. The patients should be those patients having degenerative phonograph reco rding disease in their 5th lumbar to initiatory sacral segment, be get down there is minimal transaction at this level.\r\nBy doing so, he states that fusing these segments do non miscellany the patient’s mobility as much. But not all are satisfied of this result. Doctors and specialists are perpetually making efforts to nubly changing the primary medical management for degenerative disc diseases. Studies have been conducted, and several(prenominal) reclamation procedures were approved by the FDA. Peter Ullrich stated in his paper that the hail disk replacement procedure was approved for medical use by the FDA in the grade 2004 using the Charite drippy disc but for only one level of the spinal vertebrae, be the L4 †L5 or the L5 †S1.\r\nThis is not the first time that a total or partial disc replacement was done. The history of this procedure was mentioned in an article in a website by Spine-Health that disc heart replacement was done first in 1955 by Dav id Cleveland by injecting methyl-acrylic. Ever since then, there have 2 other FDA approved products aside from the Charite, the website Spine-Health states that the Prodisc was approved on August 2006 and the Kineflex lumbar on June 2005.\r\n A total disc replacement is being described by Jose Reyna in his article, Advances in Artificial disk Technology, as being composed of two pieces of plates made of admixture that has teeth to be able to attach itself to the closing plates of the vertebral bones above and below it. This government agency that the particular intervertebral disc that is causing pain has to be removed and replaced by an artificial disc. several(prenominal) artificial discs have been developed by sundry(a) manufacturers in the country and they only differ in design and composition. The Charite, as mentioned earlier, is made up of a unique sliding core with two metal alloy end plates.\r\nThe Prodisc being based on spherical articulations is made up o f cobalt atomic number 24 molybdenum alloy as stated in the website Spine-Health. Inventors Qi-Bin Bao and Paul Higham developed a hydrogel prosthetic cell centre made up of PVA powder and a solvent mixed together, as seen on the article, Hydrogel intervertebral disc nucleus with pocket-sized lateral bulging. The total disc replacement procedure has its advantages and disadvantages. Even aft(prenominal) some models being approved by the FDA, it is soothe being assessed thoroughly by specialists in the field. Charles Rosen and Douglas Kiester fib poor results and complications in the total disc replacement procedure.\r\nAs it was mentioned in their study, this procedure non sums fractures, severe pain, dislocations, expulsion of the implant, facet joint degeneration, and unexplained radiculopathy. They attribute these insufficient results to the fact that the center of rotation of segmented motion is erroneous. Jose Reyna Jr. also mentions several disadvantages of the proced ure in his study, stating that the anterior approach to the surgery can cause injury to the aorta and the common iliac vessels, can cause retrograde ejaculation in men by injuring the superior hypogastric plexus, hemorrhage can result from the retroperitoneal approach, and transmitting can occur.\r\nHowever, he also stated some advantages, as this procedure is said to maintain ramble of motion in majority of the patients as a long-term outcome. There are still a lot of studies to be conducted, and patients to be experimented on. A leash year study conducted by Christoph Siepe et al., entitled clinical Results of Total Lumbar Disc rehabilitation With ProDisc II: Three-Year Results for Different Indications, intended to assess total disc replacement outcome in patients who actually underwent the operation. Their results showed that not all degenerative disc diseases can be treated with this medical management.\r\nThe best outcome was seen in patients exhibiting degenerative disc d isease condition plus soft disc herniation or nucleus pulposus prolapse. Outcome was measured against the patient’s improvement from their preoperative levels. There were inferior results from the patients who had bisegmental damages, and a higher(prenominal) complication rate. Also it was mentioned that the younger patients, more specifically those aged below forty exhibited better outcome than those older than forty. Technology like this is still being developed, studied and modified as we speak. What is important is that there are people out there who care and who try to make a difference, whether it is by inventing, criticizing or being the experimental person wherein these new devices get out be made a reality.\r\nReferences\r\nCharles Rosen, Douglas Kiester, Thay Q. Lee: The potential difference Biomechanical Etiology for Lumbar Disc Replacement Failures: limited review of 24 Patients and the Rationale for Revision . The Internet journal of Minimally Invasive Spinal Technology. 2007. Volume 1 Number 2.\r\nMedscape. (2002). Advance in Artificial Disc Technology. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/445057\r\nMedscape. (2002). Clinical Results of Total Lumbar Disc Replacement With ProDisc II: Three-Year Results for Different Indications. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/542479\r\nNeurology India. (2005). Prosthetic Lumbar disc replacement for degenerative disc disease. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2005;volume=53;issue=4;spage=499;epage=505;aulast=Kulkarni\r\nNeurospine. (no indicated year). Fusion versus Artificial Disc Arthroplasty for Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.neurospinewi.com/newsletters/fusionvsartificial.html\r\nPatent Storm. (1996). Hydrogel intervertebral disc nucleus with diminished lateral bulging. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.patentstorm.us/pat ents/5534028-fulltext.html\r\nSmeltzer, S. and Bare, B. (2004). Medical-Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.\r\nSpine-Health. (1997-2007). Lumbar artificial disc surgery for chronic back pain. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.spine-health.com/research/discupdate/artificial/artificial01.html\r\n'

'Comparative Analysis of Islamic and Conventional Bank Risk Essay\r'

'The decline of the piety has been attributed into modern times with a materialistic culture by the popular cognition of today, the judgment of religion has embedded this view, as temper having only spiritual limits, and the worldly comfortably world of an individual is very detached in this relation. However, this understanding of Islam religion has been misguided by many of among us in the past, as good as in the present. A critical usance has been compete by every religion regarding the guidance to survive in a society commun everyy, and in the characterization of disparate markets of that time.\r\nIn the religious regards, equal distribution of wealthiness and debt annulment was preached and emphasized by every religion in the past. The enforcement of the debt bond has been strongly rejected by all the beliefs and the pattern of rotterceling the debt have been upheld by them. In the past, in order to satisfy and fulfill the monetary needs of devout and pious Muslims , a concept of money depository was introduced in the Muslim civilization, which has straight become a growing phenomenon of the world, that is, approximately 1. 6 billion Muslims in the world.\r\nThe macro-economic properties of margeing institution have been studies by many economists with relation to an ideal and isolated Muslim economy framework. In modern days, the working of this pioneering pecuniary system is going on very effectively in various parts of the world. In many developed and under-developed countries, the otherwise ceremonious banking systems atomic number 18 having this singular financing system besides them in every sector of the economy. In this regard, the comparative analysis has been do in this body of work, which will distort to diametricaliate the Muslim banking system with the pompous ones.\r\nIn this study, we will try to understand and clarify the demarcation between the Muslim and Conventional Banking and the jeopardizeinesss that be borne by these methods of banking. A pecuniary intermediary having the aims and objectives related to the precepts of Moslem law or ‘Shariah’ may be defined as an Moslem Banking System. Consequently, the zero-interest activities and operations atomic number 18 the key features of this characteristic banking system. However, eliminating the transactions based on interest is non the only objective of Muslim banking. The abolishment of all kinds of exploitation is excessively another aspect of Moslem banking system.\r\nIn result, a balanced and unbiased cordial order is established by the system in this regard. Only the character of financier is not played by an Muslim bank. It excessively whole kit and boodle as a partner in the business of an individual. collect to this, the essay between the capital owner and the enterprisers is twisting by this system. However, the positive result of the collective efforts is also shared by the Islamic banking. T hus, the other schematic banking and interest-based system differs from the Islamic banking, as only the entrepreneur or the owner of the capital bears the risk in the conventional banking, and vice versa.\r\nHowever, the individual and bank shares the abovementioned with each other, which provides the entrepreneur to develop as a whole. In other way, participatory banking name can be condition to the Islamic banking in this regard. In the Islamic economics, zero return on capital is not meant by the eliminating process of the interest in this curious banking system, as the pre-determination of a fixed return is command for a certain amount of production in the Islamic laws. The equity based investment principle is followed by the Islamic banks.\r\nThe contraction of the resources based on deals relating to the manduction of risks, and the ventures of capital is also proposed by the Islamic banking. It has been noted by the economists that economic growth and cultivation of an individual becomes applicable and easy with the vital role that is played by the Islamic banks nearly the world. We can say that a relationship between finance, commerce, and perseverance is tried and developed by this exclusive banking system, which differs from the other conventional banking due to these characteristics of its system.\r\nThe Islamic banking plays its role as an equity-based system, where the pre-determined interest rate is excluded, and the nominal prize of deposits is not guaranteed. In result, changing values of the share deposits absorbs the dump to asset position immediately. in that locationfore, in such system, the assets and liabilities of bank will carry the same real value at all the points. However, in the more conventional and conventional banking system, a diversion can be caused between the real assets and liabilities by such shocks in the process of fixed nominal value of deposits.\r\nTherefore, the abovementioned features of this Islamic banki ng differs it from the traditional and conventional banking system, and so, various levels of risks are borne by these systems. Nowadays, many countries are trying to examine the possibilities of the cornerstone of an interest-free banking system based on the Islamic laws and principles. It has also been argued and debateed that if the Islamic financial system will be established in the various countries, it will be feasible, but also profitable for the individuals, as well as, the companies as a whole.\r\nThese days, the truth of interest as an unbearable burden is being realized by the Western countries, as well as, the developing countries around the world. In this regard, all the interests have been waived by the Canada. A similar move has been made by the Australia. The jot of waiving off the 30 to 35% of the present interests of the debt has been officially given by the President of France. Therefore, it may be generalized that Islamic Banking and Financing System is a uni que and distinctive system, which differs from the conventional banking systems around the world.\r\nIn order to make a more expound comparative view of the working and risks borne by the Islamic and Conventional Banking Systems, we will try to analyze with the aid of data that represents the simile between these ii financial systems that are applied and practiced around the world. There are some different and diverse characteristics of the abovementioned two banking systems, which should be discussed in order to clarify the comparison between them. In the Islamic Financing system, the come of customers is less than the Marketing-based financing system.\r\nThe ownership of the Islamic Banking is commonly taken by the local or contrary individuals. However, only the local shareholders enjoy the ownership in the conventional banking system. In the Islamic banking, the integration of different activities is very high as compared to the traditional banking system. Lastly, the Isl amic financing system has the high intensity of managing and design the risk in full-dressly, as well as externally. However, the risk is managed and borne by the Marketing-based financing system less internally and externally.\r\nRisk sharing is closely related to the risk management; no matter it may be external or internal in its nature. development of close ties between the customers, and other interest groups may bring the risk externalization by an organization. It has also been indicated by various economists that one contributing reckon that is related to the risk management is the long-term relations, which are made on the mutual dependence in an organization. From the different studies related to the Islamic Financing System, the responsibilities are shared by the junior and the senior round jointly in organizations.\r\nIn this case, the higher(prenominal) and pull down level of management shares the risk. However, in the Marketing-based and Conventional Banking syst em, the internal risk is shared on a dismount basis due to the centralization of power and authority, as compared to the Islamic Banking System. Conclusively, a high spot of the sharing of internal risk is characterized during managing the risk management in the Islamic Banking system as compared to the other conventional financing systems. Therefore, there are many preeminence between the Islamic and Traditional Banking systems around the world.\r\nRegarding the risk externalization, in the Islamic Banking system, the close lender-borrower relationships are characterized during the modify activities of organizations. The borrowers are also guided by the Islamic bankers apart from lending funds to them. In result, cost-efficient network relationships create the increment of the externalization of risks relating to the partners who transfigure in this regard. Therefore, in the Islamic Financing System, the degree of external risk is observed to be high. However, the formal lend ers-borrowers relationships are characterized within the Conventional and Marketing-based financing system.\r\nIn the result, it is a low degree of externalization of risks in this traditional banking system. In this regard, the extent of success of a banking organization is determined by the lender-borrower relationships, where the customers are given credit in this regard. Direct contacts with the various customers are maintained within the Islamic, as well as, the Conventional Financing Systems. The differentiation is observed in the Islamic Banking System while dealing with the financial activities, as the borrowed funds are monitored closely by these bankers, which results in the higher intensity of the lender-borrower relationships.\r\nIn this regard, the risks are borne on a higher extent by the Islamic Banking system as compared to the conventional ones. However, the bank gets the higher profit as we have tried to discuss it in the abovementioned matter. Conclusively, the is sues of fairness and justice are come to in the Islamic principles that are related to the interest, instead than defining the efficiency narrowly. The focus is placed on the necessity of sharing the risk in a stable condition with the help of these principles, as well as, at the time of exploitation of the markets.\r\nWe have also clarified that the Islamic Financing System works on the equity-based projects. However, the conventional ones prefer the debit-based schemes for the lenders and individuals. In an Islamic financing situation, the ownership is shared by the both(prenominal) bank and the client, and in the Conventional banking, all the equity is owned by the client, and the property value plays as a security to the bank loan. We hope that this study will help the scholars and the economists in understanding the role and differentiation of the Islamic & Conventional Banking around the world.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nAhmad, S. (1992). Towards Interest-Free Banking. New Delhi : International Islamic Publishers. Chapra, M. (2000). The approaching of Economics: An Islamic Perspective. Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation. Dar, A. H. , and Presley, J. R. (1999). Islamic finance: A Western Perspective. International Journal of Islamic Financial Services. Dar, A. (2002). Islamic House Financing in the United Kingdom: Problems, Challenges, and Prospects. Ahmad, K. (1994). Elimination of Riba: Concepts and Problems, Response to the lordly Court Questionnaire. Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad, Pakistan.\r\n'

'Economics Sba Essay\r'

'Title:\r\nAn analysis into the involvement of adults in the pecuniary field.\r\nPurpose of Investigation\r\nThe purposes of this research atomic number 18:\r\n1. To identify the association of adults with the semi full-dress welkin of Tobago. 2. To line up the involvement of adults in the everyday sector of Tobago. 3. To crack the factors regarding the involvement of adults in the financial sector.\r\nMethods of Investigations\r\nThe chief(a) source of information wasting diseased in this drop is:\r\n1. Questionnaire. Thirty-one questionnaires were distributed to endurents of nirvana. All the persons responding were eighteen and over.\r\nLimitations Faced\r\n around limitations faced atomic number 18:\r\n* Vill daysrs misunderstanding some of the questions.\r\n* Villagers non taking the questionnaire seriously.\r\n* Locating responders to retrieve questionnaires was difficult since they were not known person all(prenominal)y.\r\nPresentation of Data\r\nFactors Affe cting excerption in Stock Market\r\nFrequency of procedure of Stock Market Service\r\nAnalysis and interlingual rendition of Data\r\nDescription of Financial System in Trinidad and Tobago\r\nThe financial system is a network of savers, investors and financial institutions that work together to ensure that savings argon transferred to investors. The financial system consists of two sectors: formal and informal. The formal sector includes all the financial institutions that be set ex officioly, such(prenominal) as, mercenary banks, recognize unions, central bank, demarcation telephone exchange and insurance companies. The informal sector includes all financial activities that are not under official control, such as, sou sou, money lending. The functions of the Central Bank are:\r\n* maintaining the exchange rate of the local currency\r\n* alone authorizing the issuing of money\r\n* acting as financial officer to government; making payments and receiving taxes\r\n* acting as a banker to commercial banks by managing their banking systems\r\n* assisting commercial banks that are confront financial problems\r\n* assisting development of money markets\r\nA commercial bank is a financial institution that is industrious in money transmission operate and is conjointly owned by shareholders. In Tobago there are four commercial bank; First Citizens Bank, Scotiabank, res publica Bank and Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago. A credit union is a cooperative association whose members put up obtain low-interest loans from their combined savings. at that place are 9 credit unions in Tobago, these are; Lambeau opinion total, Bethel doctrine wedlock, Mt. Pleasant Credit wedding, Thawe Credit Union, Whim Credit Union, Tunico Credit Union, Total Holdings Credit Union, Runnemede Credit Union and People’s Credit Union.\r\nThe Trinidad and Tobago building block assurance Corporation is a plebeian company that dominates the mutual fund market in Trini dad and Tobago. There is a branch in Scarborough, Tobago. The westward Union fellowship is a financial go and communications company. There are several places in Tobago, including in upper side Point, Scarborough and heaven. An insurance company provides financial protection for property, life, health, etc., against contingencies, such as death, loss or damage. There are insurance companies in Tobago; ScotiaLife, Colonial Life amends Company, The Beacon and Guardian Life. A stock exchange is an organized market facilitating the purchase and sale of securities, operated by professional stockbrokers. The Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange is located in Port-of-Spain.\r\nMarket Structure\r\nMarket Structure refers to the suit of competition faced by firms in an industry. The four main market structures are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. | No. of Buyers and Sellers| Knowledge| Type of Product| authority of scathe| Barriers to Entry| Perfe ct Competition| many buyers and sellers| Perfect| Homogeneous| Price Taker| No barriers| noncompetitive competition| Many buyers and sellers| feeble| Differentiated| Price compositor| Low barriers| Oligopoly| Many buyers, few sellers| faint| Homogeneous or differentiated| Price Setter| High barriers| Monopoly| Many buyers, one seller| Imperfect| Unique| Price Setter| Very graduate(prenominal) barriers|\r\nBanks in Trinidad and Tobago fall under an oligopolistic market beca social function there are few sellers and many buyers. Credit unions are under a perfect competition market.\r\nUnit trust is a monopoly.\r\nWestern union is an oligopoly.\r\n redress companies are oligopolies.\r\nThe stock exchange is a monopoly.\r\n involution of Adults in Canaan Village in the ceremonious Sector Banks\r\nLocation was the largest factor in Canaan’s choice in banks at 24%, and customer service followed with 22%. Advertisements affected 16% of respondents, whereas 13% were influenced by friends. Both the respondents who chose at haphazard and those who knew employees of banks take in 9% each. Unspecified reasons unyielding 5% of choices and ageâ€group appeal wedged lonesome(prenominal) 2%. Twenty-three adults in Canaan usance banks; 13% use them rarely, 26% visit fortnightly, 30% monthly, and another 30% weekly.\r\nStock Market\r\n entirely three residents of Canaan are involved in the stock market, one influenced by friends, another chose at random and the third whose reason was unstated. Of the three residents who use the stock market, each use the service at different frequencies: rarely, monthly and another unspecified sequence span.\r\nCredit Unions\r\nInfluence of friends determined 21% of residents of Canaan choice in credit union, indefinite reasons adjacent with 17%. Respondents who decided at random earned 13%, those who chose base on knowing an employee earning the same. guest service and location earned 12% each, advertisements affect 8% and age group only appealed to 4%. The majority of respondents, namely 35%, rarely use the services of a credit union. The second close crude time span, monthly, made up 24%. 18% use credit unions annually, and 12% chose based on unspecified reasons. 6% use services weekly and another 6% fortnightly.\r\nUnit pull\r\nAdvertisements influence a quarter of Unit invest members in the village of Canaan. Customer service, friends and unmentioned reasons affected 19% each and 18% of respondents were impacted by location, age group and knowing an employee equally. Of the Unit Trust members that reside in Canaan, 45% rarely use its services. other 45% use it monthly, and approximately 10%, fortnightly.\r\n insurance Companies\r\nCustomer service influenced 24% of Canaan’s residents in terms of insurance companies, 19% were impacted by advertisements and age-appeal affected 14%. Respondents who knew employees made up 10%, and those whose reason was unspecified also make 10%. Loc ation and friends each earned 9%. 5% of choices were made at random. 40% of villagers who provoke insurance use it monthly and those that use it fortnightly, annually, and at unstipulated time intervals made up 20% of respondents each.\r\nWestern Union\r\nOf the people who use Western Union/Money Gram in Canaan, an estimated 25%, were influenced by the customer service, 25% were affected by location and another 25% by arbitrary selection. Unstipulated reasons determined 17% of villager choices and 8% personally knew an employee. The most common frequency at which the services of Western Union/Money Gram were used was ‘monthly’, earning 44%. One quarter of the remaining 56% of respondents used services rarely, another quarter, annually, another weekly, and the final uses the services in an unstated time period.\r\nFindings\r\n1. It has been found that degree Celsius% of the adults in Canaan that use services of the formal sector. 2. There was participation in the in in formal sector. 3. The main factors affecting the involvement of residents of Canaan in the financial sector are location, influence of friends, customer service and location.\r\n4. To identify the association of adults with the formal sector of Tobago. 5. To determine the involvement of adults in the informal sector of Tobago. 6. To determine the factors affecting the involvement of adults in the financial sector.\r\nRecommendations\r\n1. One of the factors Institutions can appeal more to certain(a) age groups.\r\n'